Trade and Generic Name, Drug Classification and Mechanism...

Trade and Generic Name, Drug Classification and Mechanism of Action Metoformin is a medication used to treat Type 2 diabetes. Metformin is classified as a biguanide and antidiabetic medication. Its therapeutic classification is an antihyperglycemic. Metformin, which is the drug’s generic name, is also known under its trade names: Fortamet, Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza and Riomet. Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic medication and has three main actions: Metofrmin increases the binding of insulin to insulin receptors in skeletal muscles and fat, which works to improve tissue sensitivity to insulin. Through this action, glucose is able to be transported into skeletal muscles and fat and the body is able to use glucose to function properly. Metformin also suppresses gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as fat and protein. Metformin also prevents the liver from converting stored glycogen into glucose. All these actions work t ogether to lower the level of blood sugar and also lower the Hemoglobin A1C value, ensuring diabetics have better control of their blood sugar. Indication for Use and Contraindications Metformin is used to treat patients with Type 2 diabetes in addition with proper diet and exercise. Metformin is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to metformin, hepatic or cardiopulmonary insufficiency, alcoholics, patients with multiple infections, acute myocardial infarction,Show MoreRelatedSample Resume On Rt 240 Clinical Specialty Areas / Comprehensive756 Words   |  4 PagesCodeine Alexis F. Bersabe Concorde Career College RT 240 Clinical Specialty Areas/ Comprehensive Review Mr. J. Roper, M.Ed., RRT July 20, 2015 Overall view of Codeine Generic Name ââ€"  Codeine ââ€"  Codeine Sulfate (Tablets) Trade Name(s) ââ€"  Not Available Manufacturer ââ€"  Roxane Laboratories, Inc. Classification ââ€"  Antitussives ââ€"  Opiate (Narcotic) Active ingredient ââ€"  Codeine Pharmacokinetics ââ€"  During the absorption of Codeine by the GI tract, maximum plasma concentration can occur 60 minutesRead MoreCNPR Certification Exam 13th And 14th Edition6004 Words   |  25 Pagessure you answer each questions before you run out of time. PLEASE WRITE DOWN THE ANSWERS ON PAPER IN CASE OF SUBMISSION ERROR. Name: Carmen Littleton †¨Email: cml0029@auburn.edu 1. How are drugs sorted into therapeutic groups and classes? 1. first by the conditions that they are used to treat, and then by their mechanisms of action 2. first by their mechanisms of action, and then by their therapeutic effects 3. first by their side effects, and then by their therapeutic effects 4. first by theirRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Migraine1451 Words   |  6 Pages(Young, 2014) Preventive treatments are often given to patients with frequent migraine, which is considered to be more than four headache days per month. Many migraine patients are prescribed medicines as a preventive treatment and a majority of drugs used as migraine preventatives are actually medications developed to treat other disorders such as certain antihypertensives, antidepressants, seizure medications, and even Botox. 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Impact Of Sports On Sports Tourism - 1175 Words

Introduction Throughout the twentieth century sports tourism has developed from a privilege of the few sports tourism has to be considered as more than just the crossroads of sports and analysis of organizational aspects of sports tourism; and tourisms seems to be one of the major challenges in this field , organizational issues have rarely been addressed in sports tourism research diverse actors are involved in sports tourism. Although, sports tourism research has made noteworthy progress in recent years, the methodological foundations for sports tourism research . In 2006, Weed published a review on sports tourism research which showed that many little to general knowledge about the nature of sport tourism of research†¦show more content†¦Their relationships, the dynamics between single actors and regional structures are simultaneously, the configuration of RST (regional sport tourism) as an institution influence the actions of the actors involved. Determine the interaction of the different actors on the individual as well as on since the relations and interactions between involved actors are the structural key element of RST, we first need to know who the involved actors are. As shown before, knowledge about the structural network of actors in RST is super- network to describe the cluster of RST actors is used mainly metaphorically. possible to analyse the structural actors within a social network. graph theory, actors are represented by points and their relations to other actors by network analysis is to identify latent structures of actor relationships, which have shown before, different organizational cultures are a great challenge in RST, since involved actors may have essentially different interests . the structures to be found in the organization of RST. commensurable with the structural features of RST. of networks in RST, it is necessary to analyze the underlying mechanisms of IONs. Model, Esser introduced a meso-level to explain so-called social formations on the not refer to the emergence of social networks as part of the logic of aggregation here, individuals are connected in social structuresShow MoreRelatedThe Diagram Above Shows Recreation, Sports, Tourism, And Parks Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagram above shows recreation, leisure, sports, tourism, and parks as being interconnected, with each possibly depending on each other for success. Recreation refers to an activity that in individual participates in with a structured timeframe (Introduction, 2013, p. 4). Leisure has multiple meanings, one being â€Å"Unobligated time, state of being, and consumption patterns,† in addition to occurring outside of working life (Introduction, 2013, p. 4). 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The sport was developed historically, coming from the United Kingdom, introduced by a man named Charles John Monro in 1870 and then quickly becoming a grassroots purs uit of small communities. Rugby is played throughout the world and is considered one of the more prominent sports in the Pacific Islands. An organization called ‘100% Pure New Zealand’ commented that â€Å"For over 140 years, the sport of rugby has been a national passion and a determiningRead MoreDeveloping Countries Entering A Bid For Host Major Sports Events1516 Words   |  7 PagesThere are an increasing number of less-developed countries entering a bid to host major sport events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup. Less-developed countries, also called developing countries or newly-industrialised countries, are defined according to the HDI (Human Development Index), which is composed of some measurable elements such as GNP (Gross National Product) per capita, number of years schooling and life expectancy (European Commission 2011). Some countries that are regardedRead MoreThe Challenge of Managing Volunteers and Sports Event Workforce1855 Words   |   7 PagesManaging Volunteers and Sports Event Workforce Introduction / Orientation Over the decades, the role of volunteerism and sports has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because, many sports have become an area where billions of dollars are made every single year off of: the event, licensing and merchandising. Yet at the same time, volunteers will have a major impact in determining the success of the outcome. A good example of this can be seen with observations from Bang (2009)

Factors Affecting Psychological Pressures on High School Students Free Essays

The many pressures of high school can have various effects on students. Depending on the student and their lifestyle, the effects can be either positive or negative. There are many aspects that have an affect on a student†s performance in school. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Affecting Psychological Pressures on High School Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the factors include home life, social life, academic life and after school life. The entirety of their time management and decisions has the most affect on their performance (Katz 11). At home, a student goes through many different circumstances that their peers and teachers may be unaware of. For example, if a student has divorced parents, this will play a key role in determining how they perform in school. Alcoholic and abusive parents are also sometimes a factor. Often, students with a rough home life will perform at a lower level in school due to the other things they are going through at home. On the other hand, often an abused teen will put more effort into their schoolwork in order to fulfill needs of self-satisfaction that are not being met at home (Pickett 14). Often teens with older siblings perform better in school. Studies show that the younger children do better in high school. This is most often attributed to the fact that they have seen what high school students go through and have learned from their siblings mistakes as well as achievements. Though the criteria for graduating high school and the individual courses are becoming more difficult each year, younger siblings seem to improve over their older brothers and sisters (Katz 11). The social life plays a big role in high school life. It is often difficult for a student to balance the many aspects of high school life and often they go overboard with either social or academic obligations (Childress 618). The friends that a teen keeps will play a major role in determining how the student will perform in school. Their friends will determine how much and what type of peer pressure the student is submitted to. There are two types of peer pressure. The first type, and most common is negative peer pressure. With this type of peer pressure, the teen will be pressured to participate in many negative acts. This may include, but not be limited to, drugs, alcohol, skipping school, cheating and putting down other students (Kate 11). The second type of peer pressure is positive peer pressure. With this type of peer pressure the teen is influenced to do things such as strive for good grades and participate in other positive activities (Katz 12). Parties are a common part of the teen life today. Often, teenage parties will include negative influences, however it is not difficult for a student to avoid such situations if they just have strong morals (Katz 11). A teen†s social life may also include a job. Working teens are becoming more and more common. The need to feel accepted by peers and have the â€Å"right† clothes and car are major influences in this. Teens may also elect to keep a job to help with family financial difficulties or just to keep them busy (Katz 12). Academic life is the most crucial part of the high school experience. How they perform in high school will dictate what kind of college they will attend. It is important for students to have a well-rounded social life while still performing well in their academics. The last two years of high school are the most important. This is when the teen should be preparing to enter college and take things more seriously. However, this is usually opposite of what happens (Childress 617). If a teen can balance a healthy social life while still performing well academically, they usually will be able to do the same in college and life. Extra-curricular activities occupy much of a teen†s life. What they do to participate in other school-sponsored activities will take up a lot of their time. This can be solved by only selecting activities that will add to their learning experience (Childress 616). The life a teen takes on after school each day is very important in understanding their life in general. They may participate in sports and clubs that will use up much of their time (Kruse 6). Football is a major sport that is taken very seriously in high school (Wahl 92). The competition in high school sports is enough to take some athlete†s minds off their schoolwork. Rival schools games against each other often will tear the entire school away from academics the week prior to the game (Guss 10). Clubs are also a big part of teen†s life. Often they participate for fun and other times just for looks of it on college applications. However, if a student overloads on clubs and other after school activities, their academics may suffer. In its entirety, a teenager†s life is very hectic. They have many stresses and pressures to deal with each day. It is in it†s own, a major accomplishment just to make it through high school and on to college. With the pressures being put on teens to succeed growing each day, each goal met in school, is a victory in itself. The different aspects of the teen†s life all have an effect on the outcome of their performance in school. To some, high school is like a big game. Each move made is a crucial decision towards the outcome of life. When one focuses on only one part of the teen†s life, it is impossible to make any conclusion about their lifestyle. In the game of a teen†s life, maybe Maurice Freeman put it best when saying, â€Å"We†ve got to win. † (Person 12) How to cite Factors Affecting Psychological Pressures on High School Students, Essay examples

Management Issues In The Singapore Airline †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Issues In The Singapore Airline. Answer: Introduction Singapore Airlines was established in January 1947. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the government. It also offers services like air transportation, in-flight services, and ground services. In 1947 the company started with twin-engine Airspeed consul under the airways of Malaysia. In 1972 the company established two entities like Malaysian airline system and Singapore airlines. Singapore Airlines has also suffered from many changes in itsmanagement and services. So, the issues that are identified in the Singapore airlines are communication and motivation. These issues should be resolved as it affects the performance of the company (Zentner, 2016). Communication One of the management issues in the Singapore airline is related to communication. Communication plays a great role in conducting the overall activities of the organization in a smooth way. If there is no proper communication in the organization then it can be difficult to survive in the competitive environment. Communication is important for the organization as it helps in managing the performance of the company (Karatepe and Vatankhah, 2014). It is analyzed that Singapore Airline faces the issue of communication. There is no proper communication process in the organization. Due to this, there are many incidents of flight clashes that took place (Bok, 2015). Miscommunication can create a great problem for the organization. Communication Channel Communication channel is related with the flow of information within the organization. It is seen that in Singapore airline there is no proper channel of communication. The flow of information does not take place in a proper manner. The information that is given by the managers is not conveyed to every employee of the organization. For instance: It is seen that the pilots who are in the night shift face problem to communicate with the employees as managers are not available on their positions. If employee wants to give their feedback then it can create difficulty for them to raise their voice as there is no proper hierarchy in the organization. This give impact on the satisfaction level of the employees and also it is seen that it is difficult to retain the employees. For example: there is huge number of people who left the company just because of the communication barrier they face at the time of conducting the activities of the organization. So, as the employees left the impact is also seen on the performance. There are fewer employees to assist the customers to solve the query and to book tickets. Duplication of work The activities that are conducted by the employees of the organization are not clear and sometimes duplication of work takes place. This happens just because of the ineffective communication process of the organization. For instance if the employee is given a task to call the customers and tell them about the offers. So, if proper meeting is not conducted then employee can call the same customer twice . The workload of the employees increases due to the in proper communication (Kimes and Wirtz, 2015). The employees conduct the same activities twice that consumes both time and productivity of the employees. Then it is seen that impact is seen on the overall sales and profits of the organization. Different Background The company has also appointed the people of different backgrounds so it creates a great issue for the employees to communicate with each other. The communication process is slowed down in the organization. The satisfaction level of the employees is reduced because of ineffective communication in the organization (Pang, 2016). For instance : There are two departments in the organziation and from the booking department one person ask for the information of a particlar customer and the employee of other department do not understand then it can lead to confusion and the employees will not be able to achieve goals and objectives. Also confusion takes place just because of the different language of the people. So, the company should set one language to be used in the organziation so that confusion can be reduced and efficiency can be achieved in effective manner. Impact due to internal miscommunication Also, there was one incident that took place on October 31, 2000. The airplane was scheduled to take off from Singapore to Los Angeles via Taipei. Flight 006 was moving slowly to its takeoff point and the climate condition was also not good. The visibility was not clear and crewmembers landed the plane on Boeing runway which was closed for repairing. So, this accident took place due to the miscommunication. The report was few months ago published and was not given to the pilot. As the result, the takeoff process was on the wrong runway. When the pilot tries to take off the flight the aircraft collided with heavy equipment and broke apart. Many passengers who are seated in the middle of the plane were killed when the fuel in the wings exploded. Total 83 passengers died out of 179 on board including four crewmembers (Lim, 2017). This accident has given negative impact on the image of the company. The customers think twice before booking their seats in the Singapore airlines (Zhang et al., 2016). It is seen that if proper communication is not there in the organization then it can create difficulty to manage the activities of the organization. This issue is a major issue in Singapore airline. So, by analyzing all these incidents that took place in the organization it is seen that the company should focus on managing communication channel so that the activities of the organization can be conducted smoothly. If communication process is improved in Singapore airline then it can be easy for the company to compete in the competitive environment (Heracleous and Wirtz, 2014). Without effective communication, it can be difficult for the company to enhance the overall profitability and productivity of the organization. Motivation Next issue that is seen in the organization is related to motivation. Motivation refers to the encouragement by various means that enhances the overall performance of the employee in an organization. Motivation is an essential part of every organization as it helps to achieve success in the market. It is seen that motivated workers are more productive than the demotivated one. Motivation at work is essential offering services so that effective and integrated approach can be made for enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers. In Singapore airline, it is evaluated that the workers are not dedicated towards the work assigned to them. So, due to this negative impact is given to the customers. The customers are not happy and satisfied with the services offered by the company. There are many reviews in which customers are complaining about the delay in the information and inadequate services. This is just because of lack of motivation of the employees (Lohmann and Spasojevic, 2018).The employees who are conducting their routine activities are not motivated and efficient towards their work. There are many complains of the customers related to cleanliness and delay in the flights. It is seen that it is important for the company to maintain good relationships with the customer. But due to the inefficiency of the employees, the satisfaction level of the employees is not enhanced (De Neufville, 2016). The complaint of the customers is also related to the taste of food offered to the customers at the time of their journey. Lack of motivation in the employees of Singapore airline has affected the quality of the services and also the overall profitability of the organization. Due to lack of motivation in employees, the number of absentees is also enhanced. When a number of absentees enhance then the direct impact is seen on the activities of the organization (Wirtz and Heracleous, 2016). It is important for the organization to maintain proper services and working pattern so that employees can conduct the activities with efficiency. Motivation level of the employees is important to be enhanced so that the activities can be conducted in a right direction. Motivated employees help the company to enhance the image and also the level of productivity. Efficiency and dedication of the employees are also enhanced if motivation techniques are considered by the company. In Singapore airline, the employees are not dedicated towards the work which creates a major issue for the company to attract more and more customers. The motivation of the employee depends upon four components work environment, pay and benefit and organizational vision. These components are also the major factor that helps in satisfying the customers of the airline industry. Singapore Airlines failed to develop motivational programs for its workers who resort them to undergo strikes and lockout. Employees in the organization are not willing to perform with dedication because many times their basic needs are not satisfied that stops them to develop their high level wants like self-esteem and actualization. Cabin crews are considered as the backbone of the airline industry. It is seen that in Singapore airline the performance declines just because of long flying hours and it directly impacts the relationship of the customers. It is the inability of the company to consider the issues and motivate them to enhance their productivity. Singapore airline offices do not have proper feedback mechanism and sessions related to hearing the problems of the employees. Hence the department of human resource is not able to trace and evaluate the factors of motivation which will help the employees to give their best. So, it is seen that there is a gap between topmanagement and it is reflected in the attitude of the employees at the time of dealing with the customers. The demand of the employees like an increase in wages, revision of pay packages also led to unproductive work (Holloway, 2017). The pilots of the company refused to conduct the activities because the wages given to cabin crew members are low. Singapore airline cut the salary of the employees just because of the crisis that took place. So, this factor demotivates the employees and their productivity level reduce. By anlayzing the issue of motivation in the Singapore Airline it is anlayzed that Maslow hierarchy of needs theory should be taken into consideration so that motivation can be enhnaced. There are five steps in this theory Biological and physiological needs, safety needs, Love and belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. It is important for the company to offer basic needs like water, food and holidays so that employees can be energized and conduct the activities with efficiency. Wages should also be according to the experience and overall performance of the employees. Singapore airline should also offer job security to its employees so that they can give their best towards the activities. It is also important that there should be love and affection between the employees so that they can conduct the activities with proper teamwork. Esteem needs should also be considered as it helps to create respect for others. The employees should be promoted according to the p erformance. Singapore airlines should make realize the potential and capability of the individual possessed so that work can be conduct with efficiency. It is important for the Singapore airline to enhance their wages according to the qualification and position of the employee so that the motivation level can be enhanced effectively. Issue related to Motivation has given impact on the productivity and on the image of the company. So if these issues are addressed then the service level of Singapore airline can be at par and also the satisfaction level can be enhanced effectively. Motivation brings happiness and if employees of the organization are motivated then it can give impact on the overall productivity and profitability level of the company Conclusion By evaluating the report, it is seen that the management issues related to Singapore airline are communication and motivation. Both the issues should be resolved in a proper manner so that the activities can be conducted smoothly. Communication issue should be resolved by taking into consideration proper communication channel so that duplication and conflict can be minimized in the organization. In the next phase of the report, the issue related to motivation is discussed in which Singapore airlines should focus on enhancing the level of motivation by offering wages according to their qualification. If the employee is motivated then it can be easy for the company to enhance overall profitability and productivity in a proper manner. References Asif, M., 2015. A critical review of service excellence models: towards developing an integrated framework.Quality Quantity,49(2), pp.763-783. Bok, R., 2015. Airports on the move? The policy mobilities of Singapore Changi Airport at home and abroad.Urban Studies,52(14), pp.2724-2740. De Neufville, R., 2016. Airport systems planning and design.Air Transport Management: An International Perspective, p.61. Heracleous, L. and Wirtz, J., 2014. Singapore Airlines: Achieving sustainable advantage through mastering paradox.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,50(2), pp.150-170. Holloway, S., 2017.Airlines: Managing to make money. Routledge. Karatepe, O.M. and Vatankhah, S., 2014. The effects of high-performance work practices on perceived organizational support and turnover intentions: Evidence from the airline industry.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,13(2), pp.103-119. Karatepe, O.M. and Vatankhah, S., 2015. High-performance work practices, career satisfaction, and service recovery performance: a study of flight attendants.Tourism Review,70(1), pp.56-71. Kimes, S.E. and Wirtz, J., 2015. Revenue management: Advanced strategies and tools to enhance firm profitability.Foundations and Trends in Marketing,8(1), pp.1-68. Lim, K.Y., 2017.An exploratory mixed methods analysis of the media framing of crisis stakeholder salience: The case of Singapore Airlines SQ006(Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Lifelong Learning). Lohmann, G. and Spasojevic, B., 2018. Airline business strategy.The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management, p.139. Pang, A., 2016. Crisis Communication Research in Singapore.The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research, pp.283-291. Pangarkar, N., 2016. A framework for effective crisis response.Journal of Organizational Change Management,29(4), pp.464-483. Stewart, D.W. and Shamdasani, P.N., 2014.Focus groups: Theory and practice(Vol. 20). Sage publications. Vatankhah, S., Javid, E. and Raoofi, A., 2017. Perceived organizational support as the mediator of the relationships between high-performance work practices and counter-productive work behavior: Evidence from airline industry.Journal of Air Transport Management,59, pp.107-115. Wirtz, J. and Heracleous, L., 2016. Singapore Airlines: Managing Human Resources for Costeffective Service Excellence. InSERVICES MARKETING: People Technology Strategy(pp. 695-703). Zentner, A., 2016. Service as a Strategy: A Review of Singapore Airlines.Browser Download This Paper. Zhang, B., Kotkov, D., Veijalainen, J. and Semenov, A., 2016, September. Online stakeholder interaction of some airlines in the light of situational crisis communication theory. InConference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society(pp. 183-192). Springer, Cham

Descartes Second Meditation Essays - Ren Descartes, Metaphysics

Descartes' Second Meditation In Meditation two, Descartes embarks on his journey of truth. It discusses how a body can perceive things, such as objects. Attempting to affirm the idea that God must exist as a fabricator for his ideas, he stumbles on his first validity: the notion that he exists. He ascertains that if he can both persuade himself of something, and likewise be deceived of something, then surely he must exist. This self-validating statement is known as the Cogito Argument. Simply put, it implies that whatever thinks must exist. Having established this, Descartes asks himself: What is this I which necessarily exists? Descartes now begins to explore his inner consciousness to find the essence of his being. He disputes that he is a rational animal for this idea is difficult to understand. He scrutinizes whether perhaps he is a body infused with a soul but this idea is dismissed since he cannot be certain of concepts that are of the material world. Eventually he focuses on the act of thinking and from this he posits: I am a thing that thinks. A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses. To prove that perception on the part of the mind is more real than that of the senses Descartes asks us to consider a piece of wax. Fresh from the comb the qualities we attribute to the wax are those derived from the senses. Melted, the qualities that we attribute to the wax are altered and can only be known to the intellect. Descartes demonstrates how the information from the senses gives us only the observable, it is the mind that allows us to understand. The results of the second meditation are considerable, doubt has both proven the certainty of Descartes existence and that his essence is the mind. Philosophy Essays

Free Essays on Battle Of Midway

The article â€Å"Return to the Battle of Midway† by Thomas B. Allen is a summary of the battle. While Allen tells of the events, he also tells of the stories behind the events. It is interesting to note that the stories came from both sides of the war. Allen found himself on Ballard’s ship, Ballard was the man that found the Titanic, and the people that he interviewed were actually shipmates. They were looking for the Yorktown, a ship that had been sunk by the Japanese. Taisuke Maruyama was in charge of the airplane that bombed the Yorktown. He recalls how he didn’t want to die before dropping the torpedo. The other three survivors on Ballard’s ship aside from Surgi were Harry Ferrier, Yuji Akamatsu, and Haruo Yoshino. They had all been in the air during the battle. They attacked the Arizona and the Oklahoma respectively. Two months later they were on their way to attack the naval base at the Island of Midway. The Japanese were getting ready t o lead a major offensive, spearheaded by four aircraft carriers supported by eleven destroyers, two battleships and three cruisers. As the Japanese sailed toward Midway, they believed that they would be able to surprise the Americans, but in fact, the Americans were ready with the Hornet, the Yorktown, and the Enterprise. Thanks to the American cryptanalysts, the Navy was not taken by surprise. These code breakers sent messages that they knew the Japanese could decipher. American carriers met at â€Å"point Luck† and got ready for battle. The Americans were outnumbered and hoped to find the Japanese first for the upper hand. They found them, and just like American intelligence had expected, the Japanese attacked Dutch Harbor followed by the attack on Midway. Because of this Japanese planes found themselves within a swarm of heavy antiaircraft fire. Even so, the Japanese zeros killed most of the American fighters. American ships were sent to attack Japanese ships, with ... Free Essays on Battle Of Midway Free Essays on Battle Of Midway The article â€Å"Return to the Battle of Midway† by Thomas B. Allen is a summary of the battle. While Allen tells of the events, he also tells of the stories behind the events. It is interesting to note that the stories came from both sides of the war. Allen found himself on Ballard’s ship, Ballard was the man that found the Titanic, and the people that he interviewed were actually shipmates. They were looking for the Yorktown, a ship that had been sunk by the Japanese. Taisuke Maruyama was in charge of the airplane that bombed the Yorktown. He recalls how he didn’t want to die before dropping the torpedo. The other three survivors on Ballard’s ship aside from Surgi were Harry Ferrier, Yuji Akamatsu, and Haruo Yoshino. They had all been in the air during the battle. They attacked the Arizona and the Oklahoma respectively. Two months later they were on their way to attack the naval base at the Island of Midway. The Japanese were getting ready t o lead a major offensive, spearheaded by four aircraft carriers supported by eleven destroyers, two battleships and three cruisers. As the Japanese sailed toward Midway, they believed that they would be able to surprise the Americans, but in fact, the Americans were ready with the Hornet, the Yorktown, and the Enterprise. Thanks to the American cryptanalysts, the Navy was not taken by surprise. These code breakers sent messages that they knew the Japanese could decipher. American carriers met at â€Å"point Luck† and got ready for battle. The Americans were outnumbered and hoped to find the Japanese first for the upper hand. They found them, and just like American intelligence had expected, the Japanese attacked Dutch Harbor followed by the attack on Midway. Because of this Japanese planes found themselves within a swarm of heavy antiaircraft fire. Even so, the Japanese zeros killed most of the American fighters. American ships were sent to attack Japanese ships, with ...

Tenancy Agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Tenancy Agreement - Essay Example The Express terms are those clauses which are exclusive to the pertinent agreement, either in the written form or in the verbal form. In the Great Britain, tenants, by law, usually do not have a right in this arrangement. Nevertheless, owners dealing with the public sector normally provide an agreement on paper. This should be mutually attested, and after that it becomes imperative that the owner gives his contact information and a copy of the arrangement to each tenant. It is advisable that the written agreement includes the names and contact information of both the parties, the date, details of the payment and any time durations that may be set regarding the tenancy. The implied terms are all those clauses that are specified by law and are binding on both the parties regardless of the express terms. These include the duty of the tenant to care for the property and their right to live in peace without any disturbance from the owner, and the duty of the owner to supply basic amenitie s and perform repairs up to a level set by the law. There are three documents concerning the agreement that a tenant is entitled to, and by withholding which the owner would be committing a criminal offence. If the period of the tenancy is not fixed, but weekly, the tenant is entitled to receive a rent book by the owner. In case the name of the owner is unknown, any intermediate party between the tenant and the owner should provide the tenant with the full name and the contact information of the owner before 21 days, starting from the date of the agreement. ... that a tenant is entitled to, and by withholding which the owner would be committing a criminal offence. If the period of the tenancy is not fixed, but weekly, the tenant is entitled to receive a rent book by the owner. In case the name of the owner is unknown, any intermediate party between the tenant and the owner should provide the tenant with the full name and the contact information of the owner before 21 days, starting from the date of the agreement. For all tenancy agreements formulated on or after 28 February 1997, the tenant must get a written form of the express terms of the agreement within a period of 28 days after such a request, in written form, is made by the tenant. 3) Major types/divisions of Tenancies: Tenancies are divided into two basic divisions: public sector tenancies, and private sector tenancies: a) Public Sector Tenancy: A tenant is a public sector tenant if he is under the jurisdiction of the district and London borough councils, also known as the local authorities, a Housing Action Trust, a housing association or a housing co- operative. The tenants of the local authority and the Housing Action Trust, together with those tenants of the housing association and co-operative whose agreement started before 15 January 1989, are 'secure' tenants. The tenants of the housing association and co-operative whose agreement started on or after 15 January 1989 are 'assured' tenants. i) Payment: By right, both the

Mamagement of information technology Case Study

Mamagement of information technology - Case Study Example Is MIS a failed discipline Have we gone on for almost three decades without making progress" (Briggs, Robert O., Nunamaker, Jay & Sprague, Ralph, 2000:5-10) In the beginning of twentieth century, revolution began in knowledge and information then accelerated gradually thereafter. It became now the foundation for many new services and products where in 1974 applications pushed the limits of human ability. As information system, research advanced so did user expectations. And the question raised is how individuals, organization can adjust in order to leverage the delivery of information technology. The infrastructure of the information technology (IT) affords the base for an organization to construct its information system needed to complete the work and provide the employee with all the necessary information. However, management decisions regarding IT are very critical because it affects employees' productivity and performance and therefore, it may affect the organization's overall success(Gareth R.Jones, 2000). "Across all industries nevertheless, developing countries are increasingly deploying IT to solve their development problems. Lending by the World Bank for[ information technology] (IT) has been growing at six times the growth rate of total Bank lending, and is present 90% of Bank's lending operations. However, while the provision of the technology is a necessary condition for achievement of the benefit which IT can bring, there is mounting evidence to suggest that this itself is not sufficient. Changes are required in the behaviour of individuals and organization also)." (Al-Gahtani, 2003, p57, 13p) Information system plays a very essential role in the banking industry particularity. It relies heavily on information technology. In this fast-paced world, no bank can function without highly sophisticated information system. In addition to that, it limits the demand for labour in general. Purpose and Scope "Management information system is essential for creating competitive firms, managing global corporations, and providing useful products and services to customers." (Laudon, 2002,P1) It provides information figure of reports and exhibit to managers. For instance, sales managers may use their computer workstations to obtain sales outcome of their products and to access weekly sales study reports, and then assess sales made by every salesperson. "Management information systems arose in the 1970s to focus on computer-based information systems aimed at managers." (Laudon, 2002, P15). since of the growths of the Internet, globalisations of deal, and the increase of information financial system, have to get better the position of information systems in business and management. And then it wants pays concentration to organisation management information that subject rose by sociology, finances, environment and psychology. "An organization is a stable, formal social structure that takes resour ces from the environment and processes them to produce outputs." (Laudon, 2002,P87) This essay will be evaluating the contribution of Management Information System to

How far could ancient tribal traditions and religious beliefs be held Thesis

How far could ancient tribal traditions and religious beliefs be held to blame for the problems between African nations or What - Thesis Example ’ I believe that the proposed assignment has much relevance in the present context where the international relationships between nations are at stake and the tuck of war is undergoing in many countries. As a student I am much interested in the international relations of the nations. Even though I don’t have much knowledge in it, I believe that if the international ties between the nations are strengthened up, much of the problems among the nations will come down. The international court has a predominant role to guide the nations through peace and security. In the field of international justice, day by day, many issues related to the encroaching, terrorism, territorial dispute, and unhealthy competitions between and among nations are rising to an intimidating level. As this topic is dealing with the present situations of the world and it has become a focus for interest, I wish to take up this assignment. I believe that this study has some relevance for studying. As far as I am concerned I wish to have a thorough study on the topic. The knowledge about the various elements of international law and the implementation of it in the present situation are to be studied. ... I believe that the aspect of international law and the strategies for settling the disputes among the nations is a major concern that the law should look through. At many times the international law has failed to judicially execute the disputes that emerged from different parts of the world. There should be enough clarification in the implementation of law by the different agencies. I plan to give more stress on this aspect in my research. It is sure that if ever I get a chance to meet an expert on this subject I would ask certain questions which is puzzling in my mind. Of course the major doubts of mine will be in the reforming of the international law. I want to know the how this law can take reforms and how this law will arbitrarily make decisions on different issues that are coming up day by day. I would like to list out some of the questions that I ask to the expert. I will ask him about the shift in that occurred in the international level as the powerful nations consider this as a tool of their supremacy. It is also good to ask about the modern changes that are to be there in the international law. I propose to ask on how the international court can exercise power in dealing with the dominant nations of the world. I will ask him what the reforms are proposed by the international law committee regarding the upcoming elements of terrorism in each country. By asking many questions I believe that I will get a clear cut idea on the international law and its role in maintaining peace among nations of the world. If ever I was asked to get a book on their reforms of International law I would suggest the article, ‘International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the

Law Heritage of International Law

Law Heritage of International Law International law theorists are largely in agreement when discussing the natural law heritage of International Law. The two were virtually synonymous until the nineteenth century.[1] The conception of International Law as a branch of law is often associated with Hugo Grotius, the celebrated natural law theorist, which is a testament to the undeniable link. This was also due in part to the underdevelopment of international positive law, the relative absence of recognised customary international law and treaties, such as we enjoy today. This void was instead filled by natural law, which had matured over some two millennia. Natural law has often been referred to as philisophia perennis by some scholars.[2] Therefore, the common ground that legal systems share has been cultivated under natural law, and similarly, the common ground for the genesis of an international legal system had also been natural law. By the thirteenth century natural law had reached its zenith with the works of Thomas Aquinas. However, it was not until much later, the middle of the twentieth century to be more precise, until legal positivism became hegemonic. This was a result of post-enlightenment European thought and the rise of thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke who provided fresh insights into philosophy as well as governance. Fresh thought brought with it fresh reaction for and against the work of the naturalistic school of jurisprudence. The criticisms came from within the naturalist tradition due to a divergence from the original lex naturalis, as well as out with from the positivists.[3] At the beginning of the nineteenth century, attempts to successfully establish international law within the positivist framework proved futile. At first it was decisively excluded from the realm of positivist jurisprudence, following which it sought to reclaim it on its own terms. Lon Fuller has appropriately described thi s approach as one of icy rejection and [then] an acceptance in a bone-crushing embrace.[4] The unacceptance of international law by the legal positivists, at least initially, was due to the latters unwavering loyalty to legal positivisms core tenets. Despite numerous attempts by positivists, they were simply dumbfounded at the possibility of an object with so-called juridical character which did not stem from the will of a sovereign. By the start of the twentieth century the tide had well and truly turned in favour of legal positivism. This ushered in a new era on the jurisprudence of international law, which was rather glibly summed up in a 1926 opinion of the Mexico-United States General Claims Commission: The law of nature may have been helpful, some three centuries ago, to build up a new law of nations, and the conception of inalienable rights of men and nations may have exercised a salutary influence, some one hundred and fifty years ago, on the development of modern democracy on both sides of the ocean; but they have failed as durable foundation of either municipal or international law and can not be used in the present day as substitutes for positive municipal law, on the one hand, and for positive international law, as recognised by nations and government through their acts and statements, on the other hand.[5] As the eighteenth century drew to a close, so did the window to what was now a dated philosophy in the field of jurisprudence natural law. This was largely down to a continental shift toward proper science. This new dawn in European civilisation left little room for conjecture and ideas of a capricious nature. In other words, scholarly credibility lay in forming ideas based on a methodology akin to that of the natural sciences. Over a relatively short space of time international law theorists tipped their proverbial hats to natural law for its immense contribution to the field of international law and gave up conjecture for observation, and analysis in place of evaluation. Two of the most important figures in the history of legal positivism were Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and, his compatriot John Austin (1790-1859). Austin is a distinguished and celebrated figure in the positivist tradition because of his innovations in English legal thought. His works have been praised far and wide, and perhaps by none more so than the Cambridge jurist T.A Walker (1862-1935) who pronounced Austins work as the starting point of all English dissertations on legal science.[6] In the hope of extending jurisprudence the same status as that of the natural sciences, Austin was resolute in his stance on the distinction between law and ethics. With said task in mind, Austin provides a succinct account of what defines positive law: The essential difference of a positive law (or the difference that severs it from a law which is not a positive law) may be stated thus. Every positive law, or every law simply and strictly so called, is set by a sovereign person, or a sovereign body of persons, to a member or members of the independent political society wherein that person or body is sovereign or supreme.[7] However, regarding international law, Austin adopts a different tact. In an attempt to offer an explanation to the enigma that is international law, Austin decides to head it under the science of positive morality as opposed to law properly so called. His reasoning stems from international laws apparent unfulfillment of the criteria put forth by legal positivism. Austin believes international law to be materially lacking in the sense that no laws strictly so called emanate from a sovereign to members of an independent political society. Therefore, since there is no sovereign and independent political community which is in turn subject to said sovereign, then international law is not law so properly called.[8] The need for a sovereign in Austins view is largely due to the power it affords the law. He believes the obligatory status conferred upon the law is a result of the possible punishment, by the sovereign, that may befall a wrongdoer in case of disobedience: the prior of which is not bound by any law and is the source of all law properly so called. The notion of all law being dependent on the will of a sovereign state is one that is entirely mismatched to the characterisation of international as a proper legal system. This concept seeks to preclude the very possibility of any form of real governance of international relations amongst sovereign nations. This rather seems a case of square pegs and round holes. It is perhaps the narrow mindedness of attempting to fit international law in an entirely uncompromising mould. This approach fails to connect with the reality of international life. Which is evident in the fact that states continue to respect international law as law; through their acceptance of the rulings in the vast majority of cases, through upholding diplomacy, exercising legal rights and accepting others legal rights as well as signing treaties and regarding themselves and others as being bound by those treaties. An alternative perspective to the absolute expulsion of international law from the positivist arena, is one posited by H.L.A Hart. In his view the rules of international law need only be accepted as standards of conduct and supported with appropriate forms of social pressure to be regarded as obligatory, binding, legal rules.[9] However, since there is no secondary rule which stipulates the criteria of legal validity of rules, their existence depends on whether they are accepted as a rule or not.[10] International law therefore consists of rules which constitute not a system but a set of rules.[11] Albeit this line of reasoning is more accepting of international law as a binding, obligatory force, it does contain a major caveat. Whilst conceding international does indeed exist as law, Hart does not afford it the same status as that of a municipal legal system, which he considers to be more advanced and acceptable to the standards of positivist thought. This presents a dilemma for int ernational lawyers: to accept Harts reductionist methodology or is international law deserving of a more comprehensive designation in the jurisprudential sphere. As discussed previously, international law owes a great deal to natural law for laying the foundation for a system that is now known as international law. However, due to its metaphysical nature it was unable to ground itself as a science properly so called. In the post-enlightenment era, the baton of jurisprudence was passed over to the now favoured legal positivism. This is where we initiate proceedings into the correct classification of international law. Chapter 2: International Law as Law: An Academic Glass Bead Game? The classification of law is a concern of the utmost gravity for the international lawyer, as this has the ability to influence perceptions about the field, which is a hugely significant factor in the reaction it invokes when infringed. Perhaps the most imperative question on the minds of those who doubt international system as a legal system is the quality of it.[12] Too often it is the case that international lawyers adopt an argumentative tact which ultimately proves to be a futile endeavour, because the question remains unanswered.[13] With the introduction of his celebrated work, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined,[14]John Austin has yielded great influence over the jurisprudence of international law: most notably because of the command theory. Austin proposed theory was as follows: law consists of rules which are issued by a sovereign; are defined as commands, coercive orders, or wishes; backed by the threat of imposing an evil in the form of a sanction in case of non-compliance with said command, coercive order, or wish.[15] In Austins view a material condition for a rule to elevate to a law is that it must be issued by a sovereign who is habitually obeyed by the majority of a society and who himselfÂÂ   does not habitually obey another human superior.[16] As is evident, the command theory precludes international law from the ambit of law. According to Austin international law is not sourced from the command of a sovereign but rather it is set by general opinion and enforced by sanctions that equate t o a mere moral duty.[17] Therefore, international law is outside the legal positivist tradition and is reduced to a form of international morality by Austin.[18] As a result of Harts effective repudiation of Austins command theory,[19] which had proven to be a formidable hindrance in recognising international law as law has been largely abandoned. Austin can be considered as the last significant denier of the legal quality of international law and the refutation of one of his most notable theories has provided some much-needed respite to the international law is law camp. However, the debate is still very much alive and kicking as there have always been and still are approaches which neither fully discount international law nor accept it as the finished article for the purposes of international politics. The legal realists such as Georg Schwarzenberger and Hans Joachim Morgenthau, illustrate this well by decreeing it as a reality of the international system but vehemently questioning its ability to kerb power exercised by states.[20] To the same effect, Kenneth Waltzs neo-realist account of international relations entirely omits any part play ed by international law.[21] More recently a fresh challenge has been posed by Jack Goldsmith and Eric Posner in their work The Limits of International Law, who argue that a states interests, above all else, is the determinative factor regarding its compliance with international obligations.[22]ÂÂ   Thereby claiming that international law in all its might has little to do with state conduct in the international arena. It can be said that the various ways in which the legal quality of international law is brought into question is not ultimately decided upon the basis of the jurisprudential question of whether international law really is law properly so called. However, such questions do fuel the fire of doubt which lends itself it to strengthening the position of commentators who seek to endorse a more restrictive approach to the international legal order. The benefit of clarifying international laws position through an analytical framework is two-fold: it can help explain the system better, and perhaps rather more importantly, it can aid the international lawyer in correctly identifying and interpreting the law.[23] Thus permitting a seemingly theoretical endeavour to yield practical results. The Significance of Hart in Particular The mere fact that analytical jurisprudence is of great importance in fashioning a well-reasoned answer to our proposed question does not alone merit an exhaustive engagement with Harts concept of international law. However, for a multitude of additional reasons it seems a conducive exercise, not least of all from the perspective of international law, to analyse Harts theory. As previously stated, Hart carried out the repudiation of Austins attempt to diminish international law to mere international morality. Further to this, positivism is considered by commentators on the subject of international law to be one of the most influential theoretical approaches.[24] In the same vein, it seems only natural to examine the works of one who is not only one of the most influential contemporary legal positivists, but also one of the very few legal theorists who was concerned with approaching international law from the perspective of analytical jurisprudence. There is a prevalent belief that the study of positivism within international law has now reached the stage of flogging a dead horse. This notion is somewhat misconceived when Hart is the theorist in question. Whose concept of positivism saw fit to move away from the consideration that one could gauge the validity of a legal system with the will of sovereign states. The late 19th century and early 20th century positivist accounts of international law were essentially voluntarist theories of international law. This is evident in the works of classical positivist such as Georg Jellinek, who viewed the basis for obligations under international law as an act of auto-limitation by states,[25] and Heinrich Triepel, who further developed this voluntarist theory replacing the will of the individual states with the common will of states.[26] This voluntarist approach found its basis on the landmark Lotus decision of the Permanent Court of Justice in which the court held that [i]nternational l aw governs relations between independent States. The rules of law binding upon States therefore emanate from their own free will as expressed in conventions or by usages generally accepted as expressing principles of law.[27] Therefore, positivism not only gives a firm nod of approval toward state sovereignty but also displays a belief in the consensual character of international law: no state can be bound by a rule of international law unless it has explicitly or tacitly consented to it. The historically strong affiliation between legal positivism and voluntarist conceptions of international law has led many scholars to believe that positivism is essentially a voluntarist approach to international law.[28] However this signals a tunnel vision to legal positivism, which in the international law arena does not have to be equated with voluntarism.[29] At the crux of legal positivism, there is an assertion that all legal facts are determined by social facts alone.[30] However, a point of disagreement arises when the question of what those social facts are is posed. For Jellinek and Triepel it was the will of states, for Kelsen it was the Grundnorm,[31] for Hart the rule of recognition. Positivism can be considered a malleable concept of law, as it has the ability to encompass an approach to international law which overcomes the constrictive nuances of voluntarism. Learning from Austins Mistakes: A Critique of the Command Theory Hart believed that the major defect with Austins theory lay in its promulgation of understanding law as a set of rules which had been issued by a sovereign. Based on this contention Hart began his work, by refuting both Austins theory on rules and his proposed theory on sovereignty. Respectively, Hart was unsatisfied with the explanation of labelling all legal rules as coercive orders. Whilst the fact was true that such a theory could provide the basis for understanding certain branches of the law, namely criminal law and delict/tort, it fails to take into consideration power-conferring rules. The latter of which do not encumber individuals, but rather they are utilised in finding and altering legal relations or granting powers to public officials.[32] Hart believes that homogenising power-conferring rules with orders backed by threats has given rise to a misnomer commands which has distorted the difference.[33] An additional concern with this characterisation is that it provides n o explanation for a scenario in which the sovereign can issue law which binds himself.[34] Lastly, Hart states that it would be baseless to suppose that all legal rules can source their origin to a wilful act of a legislator, especially with regards to customary law.[35] The role accorded to a sovereign in Austins theory is highly disputed by Hart. Who finds the concept to be overreaching in the sense that the sovereign issues orders, which are habitually obeyed, and who himself obeys no one else. The issue, as Hart states, arises with respect to the continuity of law. This common ideal cannot be upheld under habitual obedience.[36] That is to say, Austins theory fails to explain the effect of a new lawmakers particular powers because the basis of his theory rests on the normative supposition of habitual obedience, which it is not.ÂÂ   This in turn cannot lend itself to a successful transfer of law making powers to the new legislator. Therefore, Hart posits that past habitual obedience is no guarantee of future habitual obedience to a new sovereign.[37]Further to this, the command theory also neglects to clarify the persistence of law.[38] Which begs the question: if a command by a person who was habitually obeyed is no longer in power, what leg al value does the command retain, if any at all. Hitherto, it is one of the defining features of a legal system that laws passed by a legislator retain their power long after the legislator waives his position. Lastly, the influence granted by Austins theory to the sovereign disregards legal limitations faced by a legislature.[39] Austin suggests that the legislator may only face legal limitations if said legislator is under obligation to another legislator. This has the undesired effect of not only undermining the sovereignty of a legislator but rather removing it altogether due to his subjection to another sovereign.[40] Therefore, removing the possibility of law being understood as the will of a sovereign.[41] Chapter 3: Harts Fresh Start: Law as the Union of Primary and Secondary Rules From the criticism of Austin, Hart forges a fresh approach in the form of primary and secondary rules. The lack of explanation offered by Austin on the subject of power-conferring rules acts as a catalyst for Hart to introduce and explain the difference between primary and secondary rules.[42] At the crux of it, primary rules impose duties on individuals. Whereas secondary rules provide the basis for creating, altering and defining the ambit of primary rules and are more commonly known as power-conferring rules. In his endeavour to demonstrate the requirement of secondary rules, Hart puts forth the example of a primitive society, which although follows certain customary rules, it does not fulfil the requisites for a legal system.[43] The system in such a society will no doubt have rudimentary regulations that facilitate its governance, but it will ultimately lack the power or means to authoritatively alter rules and resolve disputes arising from said rules. In Harts view, such a system would only be able to satisfy a relatively cognate society, and would not be agreeable if replicated on a larger scale.[44] The system of rules would suffer from rigidity in the face of social change as there would be no identifiable way to authoritatively alter them; uncertainty would arise surrounding the effectiveness of rules as there would be no means to monitor their efficiency. To address the issues facing primary rules, Hart proposes a system in which they are accompanied by secondary rules.[45] Harts rule of recognition would mitigate uncertainty and problems in authoritatively identifying primary rules. Further to this, rules of change would make the system more adept by vesting power in an individual or a group of individuals to readily create new primary rules when necessary. Lastly, the rules of adjudication would grant the representative powers to adjudicate authoritatively on possible violations of primary rules, thereby overcoming the inefficiency of a primitive system. The rule of recognition can be described as the defining characteristic of Harts concept of law. He believed it to be at the core of a legal system, as it lends authority to primary rules.[46] In contemporary legal systems, the rule of recognition dictates the precedence afforded to varying criterion.[47] The supreme criterion amongst them, must be one that overarches all other sources of law. Therefore, the rule of recognition, is the ultimate decider in a legal system.[48] Thereby granting it the unique position of not having to source its origins back to any other rule in a legal system, unlike every other criterion which is subject to the rule of recognition. In short, it serves as the standard bearer for every other rule and is perpetual in its existence. In order to establish a workable template for a legal system that amalgamates primary and secondary rules, Hart lays out the foundational aspects for such a system.[49] An elemental criteria according to Hart, is one of general obedience to the primary rules by the citizens. On the other hand, Hart rejects the assumption of secondary rules being obeyed by public officials, to whom they are addressed. This seems an amicable stance, as it would be unintelligible to class their conformity to the rules which confer law making powers on them as obedience or when they fail to conform, as disobedience. Let us consider the example of a judge, who in his duty of identifying and applying a statue, obeys the rule of recognition. It hardly seems an appropriate description of his task. Consequently, the rule of recognition requires unanimous acceptance by public officials according to Hart.[50] Whereas primary rules need only be accepted by the citizens to be considered legally valid, the rule of recognition is reliant on the fact that public officials believe it to be the general standard of legal validity and enact it to that degree.[51] Basic Elements of Harts Concept of International Law On the basis of his general theory Hart develops his concept of international law in Chapter X of The Concept of Law. In this chapter Hart approaches the question whether international law constitutes law or international morality. Only in the last section of Chapter X does Hart ask whether international law is sufficiently analogous to the municipal legal order to be qualified as a legal system. International Law as Law? According to Hart, international law lacks certain features which place it outside the fold of a developed legal system. He believes this ascription to be merited on the basis of; lack of an international legislature, absence of courts with sufficient authority, and the inadequacy of centrally organised sanctions.[52] In his estimation, such shortcomings ultimately consign international law to the position of a simple form of social structure, found in primitive societies.ÂÂ   Thereby giving rise to Harts claim that international law is largely made up of primary rules with little in the way of secondary rules. Hart goes on to examine the consequence of a lack of centralized sanctions, more notably, the effect this has on the classification of international law as law. In his view, not only are there no such sanctions under international law, United Nations Security Council attempts to establish them under Chapter VII of the UN Charter would be an exercise in futility as the veto would prove to be an unsurmountable challenge.[53]On the other hand, Hart does not believe sanctions are the elemental factor in states satisfying their obligations under international law. Such a belief would stem from the command theory obligations being backed by the threat of sanctions in case of disobedience which Hart had already refuted. Similarly, Hart argues that in establishing primary rules which prohibit the free use of force and providing rules for the use of force on official grounds as a sanction, are essential traits for all municipal legal systems. Such a system derives logic from the fact that human beings are based in communities, are of roughly equal strength, and have innumerable opportunities to harm their counterparts, all of which requires an approach that goes beyond relying on mere natural deterrents.[54] On the other hand, the international stage presents a different situation altogether. International acts of aggression are very well documented compared with those that occur on a domestic level between individuals. The possibility of third parties getting involved and the unpredictable nature of war, more often than not, acts as reason enough for states to avoid violence. Moreover, all states are not equal with regards to power and strength.[55] That is to say, sanctions would offer little in the way of acting as a deterrent for powerful states or forcing such states to obey the rules.[56] The absence of sanctions from the international level is of little concern to the legal quality of international law. [1] Sir Fredrick Pollock, Essays in the Law (1922) 63. [2] Philosophia perenis: This term has been used to denote the collective works of, most notably: Aristotle, the stoics, Augustine, the scholastics, and more latterly the neo-scholastics and the neo-thomists, referring to the body of philosophical truths common across ages and civilisations. See Heinrich A. Rommen, The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy (1946: 1998 edition translated by Thomas R. Hanley) 27-2, note 21. [3] Sir Fredrick Pollock remarking on the damage done by some scholars in the Enlightenment period post-Rousseau to natural law: Modern aberrations have led to a widespread belief that the Law of Nature is only a cloak for arbitrary dogmas or fancies. Essays in the Law (1922) 32. [4] Lon L. Fuller, The Morality of Law (1969 revised edition) 232. [5] North American Dredging Company of Texas (USA) v. Mexico, 4 RIAA 26, at 29-30 (1926). [6] T.A Walker, The Science of International Law *1893) 4.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - AIDS, Isn’t it Time We Demand Action? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

AIDS – Isn’t it Time We Demand Action? There are 42 million people living with AIDS worldwide. 950,000 are in the United States. New cases exceed 5 million every year. More than 28 million people die from AIDS each year. Within 10 years there will be 40 million orphans in Africa due to AIDS, and more than one-third of heavily affected countries have no strategies to deal with them. AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death globally, and the leading cause of death in Africa (â€Å"AIDS at 20†). The plague that’s killed 22 million isn’t done with us yet. While we hunt for a vaccine, people continue to die—from AIDS or the drugs intended to treat it (â€Å"AIDS at 20†). â€Å"AIDS is not only killing the sick, but also crushing the healthy. There are two kinds of people here, the infected and the affected† (Kristof, â€Å"As Millions Die†). Though there are various excuses regarding AIDS funding, political stances, and the debate of whether or not Africa is ready to receive treatment, the fact remains that AIDS cannot sit on the backburner anymore: action needs to be taken now. FUNDING First, the question of funding; the cost of drugs has been a major issue in the treatment of AIDS. The estimated spending on AIDS prevention, care, and support in low and middle income countries in 2003 is $4.7 billion, while the estimated dollars needed to address AIDS care, prevention and support in low and middle income countries is $6.5 billion in 2003 alone, with an additional $10.5 billion in 2005 and $15 billion in 2007 (Avert). In part because of those inadequate funds, many countries will not meet basic goals like rapidly expanding AIDS prevention and care expected to them by 2005. Perhaps if America wasn’t spending an extra 87 billion dollars on futile efforts in Iraq, they would have more money to spend on the dying. â€Å"If pockets had been opened earlier, millions of lives would have been saved† (â€Å"Slowly, the Virus is Being Fought†). POLITICS There are also many various political stances regarding AIDS; President Bush pledged $15 billion for AIDS in African countries and the Caribbean over the next five years. But instead of $3 billion for the first year, he backtracked to just $2 billion (Kristof, â€Å"Prudery†). And instead of using existing channels to help, Bush created a new bureaucracy.

Key Roles and Responsibilities Essay

Management: Management have a cardinal function and a big duty of guaranting wellness and safety is followed in their saloon. Directors need to guarantee that all of the right steps are in topographic point so as to maintain all statute laws in order. If directors did non hold any duty in the workplace so all employees would hence non follow any statute laws and many staff and clients could potentially be injured. Directors have to guarantee that all employees on a regular basis read SOP’s and complete all on-line classs sing new statute law every bit good as refresher classs sing wellness and safety at work. Human Resources Manager: Human resources have the chief function within Wetherspoons sing the duty of wellness and safety of the full workplace. Without Human resources the company would non hold any of the SOP’s ( Safety Operating Procedures ) or COSHH ( control of substances risky to wellness ) manuals. If human resources did non make this Wetherspoons would be runing against many Torahs and hence be shut down. Bar Associates: Bar associates have a minor duty in wellness and safety at work but a big function for keeping wellness and safety in the workplace. If staff members did non transport out frequent saloon. floor and lavatory cheques so both employees and clients will be at hazard of a possible hazard. This could be stealing on a spilt drink or the lavatories being unhygienic. Staff need to constantly do the saloon. floor and lavatory as clean and safe as possible. This includes pass overing spillages on the saloon. roll uping spectacless and home bases and sweeping and moping. Kitchen Staff: Kitchen staff have a really high duty and function within the company sing wellness and safety. as they are managing nutrient. Kitchen staff have to guarantee that their custodies are invariably being washed. the kitchen is clean and nutrient is in day of the month. If kitchen staff did non hold a duty within wellness and safety so clients could potentially be nutrient poisoned. every bit good.

Pterodactylus Facts and Figures

Pterodactylus Facts and Figures Name: Pterodactylus (Greek for wing finger); pronounced TEH-roe-DACK-till-us; sometimes called pterodactyl Habitat: Shores of Europe and South Africa Historical Period: Late Jurassic (150-144 million years ago) Size and Weight: Wingspan of three feet and two to 10 pounds Diet: Insects, meat and fish Distinguishing Characteristics: Long beak and neck; short tail; wings of skin attached to three-fingered hands About Pterodactylus Pterodactylus is a case study in how confusing it can be to classify 150-million-year-old animals. The first specimen of this pterosaur was discovered way back in 1784, in Germanys Solnhofen fossil beds, decades before before naturalists had any conception of the theory of evolution (which wouldnt be scientifically formulated, by Charles Darwin, until about 70 years later) or, indeed, any grasp of the possibility that animals could go extinct. Fortunately, in retrospect, Pterodactylus was named by one of the first academics to grapple with these issues, the Frenchman Georges Cuvier. (See a gallery of Pterodactylus and Pteranodon pictures and 10 facts about pterodactyls.) Because it was discovered so early in the history of paleontology, Pterodactylus suffered the same fate as other before-their-time dinosaurs of the 19th century like Megalosaurus and Iguanodon: any fossil that remotely resembled the type specimen was assumed to belong to a separate Pterodactylus species or a genus that later wound up being synonymized with Pterodactylus, so at one point there were no less than two dozen named varieties! Paleontologists have since sorted out most of the confusion; the remaining two Pterodactylus species, P. antiquus and P. kochi, are pretty much beyond reproach, and other species have since been assigned to related genera like Germanodactylus, Aerodactylus, and Ctenochasma. Now that weve sorted all that out, exactly what kind of creature was Pterodactylus? This late Jurassic pterosaur was characterized by its relatively small size (a wingspan of only about three feet and a weight of ten pounds, max), its long, narrow beak, and its short tail, the classic body plan of a pterodactyloid, as opposed to a rhamphorhynchoid, pterosaur. (During the later Mesozoic Era, some pterodactyloid pterosaurs would grow to truly enormous sizes, as witness the small-plane-sized Quetzalcoatlus.)Â  Pterodactylus is often depicted as flying low over the coastlines of western Europe and northern Africa (much like a modern seagull) and plucking small fish out of the water, though it may also have subsisted on insects (or even the occasional small dinosaur) as well. On a related note, because it has been in the public eye for well over two centuries, Pterodactylus (in the abbreviated form pterodactyl) has become pretty much synonymous with flying reptile, and is often used to refer to the entirely different pterosaur Pteranodon. Also, for the record, Pterodactylus was only remotely related to the first prehistoric birds, which descended instead from the small, terrestrial, feathered dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era. (Confusingly, the type specimen of Pterodactylus was recovered from the same Solnhofen deposits as the contemporaneous Archaeopteryx; its important to bear in mind that the former was a pterosaur, while the latter was a theropod dinosaur, and thus occupied an entirely different branch of the evolutionary tree.)

Mesoamerican essays

Mesoamerican essays Highly developed written language Elaborate funeral practices Yucatan Peninsula has the largest known ball court. Ballplayer was among the ceremonial titles of Maya kings. First widespread art style s mother culture Settled village life; rise of an elite class Pronounced Ole Mek...1st earliest artistic representations of ballplayers and archaeological evidence of ballgame equipment...Rare ball: earliest rubber ball recovered from the site of el manati The Mesoamericans discovered how to make a very bouncy ball out of a native plant. This plant is the rubber tree. Early tools were probably made of sharp bone or wood. The channels allow the raw liquid rubber, latex, to flow down the vertical container and into a container. The juice of the Morning Glory vine is added to the latex to give the ball its extraordinary bounce. Some balls had human skulls at the core. The size of the balls varied form location to location. Some were the size of softballs some were larger than a beach ball. The uniform that the players had to wear had to protect the player but also allow for quick movement. Most of the uniforms had headgear, a sash, or a belt. The court was shaped like a capital letter I, built of cut stone, and painted with bright colors. It was a symbol of a citys wealth and power. The game wasnt only a sporting competition; it was based on religious beliefs also. The outcome affected the lives of everyone playing and watching. The ballgame was the first organized game in the history of sports. Yuguitos are among the earliest pieces of ballgame equipment. They ...

Introduction to Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Introduction to Business Law - Essay Example Mischief Rule of statutory interpretation gives authority to the judge to interpret the law by bearing in mind the common law before passing of the rule. Is is applied in cases where ambiguity occurs in the law. Thus this rule aims to understand the defect and also to provide solutions which would correct the situation if implemented. A popular case that came under the Mischief rule was Smith vs. Hughes. In this case, prostitutes were charged for recruiting clients from a public place while within the confines of a private area, which were the windows that overlooked the street. Under the Street Offenses Act of 1959, it is illegal to attract clients with the intention of offering sex services on the streets. The defendants pleaded that they had not attracted clients on the streets but were within their own homes. The literal Rule as the name suggests allows the judge to give out a ruling by taking into account the literal meaning of the word since they do not affect the ruling on the case. The judge, in this case, does not have to consider the meaning or the implications behind words or sentences such as in the case of the previous laws. This is usually the most preferred rule of statutory interpretation. An example of this is the R Vs Harris case under which the defendant harmed the victim by biting his nose. Since the law considers stabbing, cutting or wounding a person through an instrument as a crime, therefore the defendant was acquitted since he did not commit the crime in the literal sense (Caven, 2004).

Development of photography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Development of photography - Assignment Example Humprey Davis, a chemist by profession, met Hedgwood, and wrote about Wedgwood’s work on photography and making paintings using light. William Herschel was a German astronomer of the eighteenth century. Just like Galileo his contribution to photography is mostly concerned with studying planets and stars through the use of a telescope. Sir John Herschel was the first to use hyposulphite of soda for his photography. He made his technique famous through publishing it in papers. This was after the Daguerreotype technique. Amphitype was a paper process suggested by Sir John Herschel (Tissandeir & Thomson 78). Nicà ©phore Nià ©pce was born in Chalons-sur-Saone during in 1765 (Tissandeir & Thomson 26). He was fascinated by the works of Daguerre and contributed almost ten years of his life fixing the problems with the camera obscura. Talbot, born in 1800, was an English photographer, the inventor of calotype process. He is also regarded for contributing to photography as an artistic medium. He worked to fix the problems with the camera but his aim was to fix it on paper (Tissandeir & Thomson 75). Charles Wheatstone was the Fellow of the Royal Society and an inventor. He is famous for his Wheatstone bridge, and instrument that measures the resistance of an object. He is also famous for his photometer, a device for comparing two lights for their intensity. One of the first stereoscopes offered to public was by Wheatstone (Tissandeir & Thomson 288). He validated Sir David Brewster’s opinion that by the end of nineteenth century, science will have a device capable of singing and talking. Hannah, Jim. "B&W Film Photography, Part IV: Contact Printing."  Photography Forum Digital Photography Forum RSS. N.p., 2006. Web. 27 June 2013.

As part of the Strategic Planning module, students are required to Essay

As part of the Strategic Planning module, students are required to analyze a case study and write a report to the CEO to help hi - Essay Example Table of Contents Introduction – Company background 3 Analysis of IKEA’s Business Model and its Strategic Positioning (Question 1) 3 IKEA’s Internationalisation Strategy 4 The internationalisation in the USA (question 2) 5 Current Asian markets (China and Japan)(question 3) 6 Further Asian Expansion (question 4) 8 Current Business Environment (question 5) 9 PESTEL 9 Industry analysis 10 SWOT 11 TOWS 13 References 14 Appendix 1 – The IKEA Concept 16 APPENDIX 2 Ikea’s International presence 19 Introduction – Company background Founded in 1943 by 17-year-old  Ã‚  in Sweden, IKEA is named as an acronym comprising the initials of the founder's name (Ingvar  Kamprad), the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home parish (Agunnaryd, in  Smaland, South Sweden). Today, IKEA is the world’s largest furniture retailer, having pioneered the concept of selling furniture in kits that are later assembled by customers in their own home (IKEA 2011). With its base in Sweden, the company retails affordable flat-pack furniture, accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items in its 253 stores spread over 24 countries at the end of the 2008 financial year. According to IKEA’s data, the company had worldwide sales of about â‚ ¬23.1 billion in the 2008/09 fiscal year – Figure 1 (IKEA 2011). ... IKEA sells a lifestyle that signifies hip design, thrift, and simplicity and targets customers that are seeking value and are therefore willing to participate in the production process by serving themselves, taking the goods, and then assembling them if necessary. It therefore seems as it targets a market niche. The fact that IKEA does not hold a large market share in the geographic markets, except Sweden (Thompson and Martin 2005) may be taken by some as indication that a differentiation strategy is incompatible with high market share as argued by Porter (1980). However, IKEA’s 25% market share in Sweden and its growing market share in other countries (Caplan 2007, Datamonitor 2010a, 2010b) may be taken as an evidence of the opposite. Furthermore, one may argue that the company follows a cost leadership strategy, as it tries to position at the market based on price as its positioning of being ‘different.’ Porter (1985) identified several aspects of establishing c ost leadership, including creating a good product, drawing advantage from many sources, and making cost of part of the organisation’s culture. All these aspects have been integrated into IKEA’s strategy and allow the company to engage in innovative cost management. IKEA’s CEO announced in 2007 that the company has succeeded in reducing prices by approximately about 17% over the last five years (Caplan 2007). Indeed, the company is able to integrate both a differentiation and low cost strategy in such a way that it can pursue both an operational excellence strategy and a product leadership strategy, something that few companies have been able to achieve (Kaplan and Norton 2000). In terms of operational excellence, IKEA’s success is based on the

Beer Company Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Beer Company Segmentation Essay Demographic: From the market analysis portion of the paper we already established that internationally, Anheuser is expanding both into the Asian and Latin American markets. But typically what segment of the market do they target specifically? Well currently, the company is making an attempt to target the female population. Michelob Ultra is being marketed in womens magazines like cosmopolitan and other AB brands are placed on woman-focused channels such as Oxygen and Lifetime. Women however arent the only focus. With the recent focus being on FMBs, the most consistent and continuous market has been the 21-27-age bracket, mostly college students. Its Bacardi line of flavored malt beverages and the latest additions, Tilt and B-to-the-E agree with the lifestyle of the contemporary adult looking for innovative drinks that is suitable for a variety of occasions and is an alternative to beer. For the more traditional and patriotic consumer, Anheuser markets towards its US customers by boasting on the fact that it is the only American made beer. Geographic: Currently, Anheuser is a global enterprise with distribution centers in the U. K, Japan, Canada, and Spain. It holds a 50% market share in the U. S beer market and a 50% market share in Grupo Modelo, Mexicos leading brewer. Anheuser Busch owns 27% stake in Chinas number one brewer Tsingato and is pursuing Harbin brewery Group in China. Psychographics: The trend today is for people to lead healthier lifestyles and be more conscientious in the activities and interests that they partake in. This is ever so visible in the diet plans and low-carb phase that has emerged and has become dominant. To capitalize off of this Anheuser promotes its low-calorie beer to these individuals. Anheuser also places more emphasis on it flavored malt beers to appeal to its wine and spirit consumers and to compete in a changing environment where people lead highly social lifestyles by going to bars/clubs, shows, sporting events, etc. Sponsorships of the 2006 Fifa world cup, MLB and its 26 domestic teams and the Mexican national soccer team are an attempt to capture this segment of the market. Behavioral: 18-34 year old Hispanics are consuming Spanish and English broadcast media at nearly equal rates with Spanish-language television and radio outpacing English-language television and radio; * A greater percentage of young Hispanics shop at more store types than do young non-Hispanic adults; * Young Hispanics are more likely to be impulsive shoppers. They like to keep up with styles and will spend what they have to look younger more so than non-Hispanics young adults; * Young Hispanic adults are heavy readers of magazines with lifestyle, entertainment, automotive and sports-focused titles taking the lead; * 18-34 year old Hispanic consumers are more persuaded by advertising in Spanish and are more loyal to companies with ads in Spanish. (Hispanic business) The trend is for Hispanics to be trendsetters and innovators instead of followers/laggards so the pattern has been to market on a personal portfolio basis instead of brand-loyalty aspect. The younger generations tend not to be brand loyal but adoptive of the newest and trendiest innovations. The behavior marketing of Anheuser Busch is tailored to the Hispanic with events, in magazines, television stations and sporting events. It sponsors the 2006 Fifa World Cup, MLB and its 26 domestic teams and the Mexican national soccer team. Not only is the behavior of Hispanics evaluated but all of diverse nations. Anheuser promotes diversity in the workforce at distribution centers across the world to be familiar with the consumer behavior of all groups. Positioning strategies: Beer is always associated with negative stereotypes of death, drunken behavior, a male activity and many other bad connotations. The fun image of Anheuser Busch (more commonly known as Busch Gardens) land looks to change the appearance as a fun image for the family. Children at a young age will be familiar with the product and see it as user friendly because it is positioned as healthy and acceptable for everyone. The addition of the low carb line of beer also helps to suggest that the beer is also healthy and socially suitable. Product strategies: Anheuser Busch product strategy includes the eye catching 7ounce shrink-wrap bottle that comes in six colorful festive designs. Bud Light, one of the brands of AB, is including the addition of flavorful beer with Bud light Oranguatang and Bud light berry. It also introduced two new one of kind brews, Celebrate by Michelob and Brews Masters Private Reserve by Budweiser. Pricing strategies: To better target the Hispanic market, AB increase the Latino budget to more than 60 million dollars, which is 66% more than last year. The increase of national media spending will also increase by three times more than last year topping 3 million dollars. While the domestic beer company has increased tactical price promotions this year on a specific market, brand and package basis to reduce price premiums versus competition, company executives confirmed that the companys long-term pricing strategy continues to target increases at or slightly below the consumer price index. (Forbes) Promotion strategies: As stated before the company is promoting its product to attract woman through woman-focused channels like Oxygen and Lifetime. In addition to becoming familiar through sponsorships of major sporting events, it promotes its products through marketing messages as the only American brewery that is still American owned with profits staying in the states. Miller Brewing Company Demographic: Many breweries realize the potential of the growing Hispanic market and Miller is no different. Especially important, 75% of the Hispanic population is under 45 years old- a prime age group for beer consumption. Hispanics are the most brand-loyal demographic among beer consumers. However this is not the only segment that it targets. Miller is tailored to the contemporary drinker minimum age 24. Commercials for products such as Miller Light show the masculine image of men in masculine environments. Most of Miller products are marketed in a way where they will attract the high-end buyer that will pay a little more and conscientious of high quality. While Anheuser Buschs Bud Light targets the younger generation, Miller Lights targets the older demographic with the minimum age being 24. A segment that has been omitted in the marketing strategies of many products not just the beer industry has been the homosexual population. Miller hopes to capitalize off this market to regain its position as No. 1 in the industry by targeting all areas of the market. Geographic: In July 2002 Miller Brewing Company merged with South African Breweries plc, making Miller a subsidiary of the #2 brewer in the world. It became the first international brewery to establish a presence in Central America. As its top competitor, Anheuser Busch, it is expanding into the Latin and Asian markets. Unlike most breweries, it doesnt concede to a particular geographic segment of the market but intends to account for every beer drinker in every market. Psychographics: To further appeal to their No. 1 consumer the Hispanic market, Miller Brewing Company, promotes most of their products through Hispanic events such as sponsorship of Cinco de Mayo and sponsorships of World Cups. The Hispanic market is seen as the most brand-loyal and therefore is targeted so aggressively. The advertising has an effect on the psychology of consumer behavior through the emphasis of stating that their products are of higher quality. Males are attracted to the idea of a beer that places emphasis on the bravado of a product and their behavior is altered through male marketing. Behavioral: In a male-marketed item such as the high life products, you must target the behavior and activities of the typical man. Miller is the official sponsor of the National Football League. Most of the products are marketed on a brand loyalty basis so it sponsors everyday products to gain the familiarity with consumers (ex: Kraft, Frito-Lay, Gillette, etc). Positioning strategies: Miller positions its products for the loyal consumer to the more rebellious and daring drinker. The homosexual segment is seen as a daring segment because they do not adhere to the norm of todays society. Miller Genuine Draft Light is seen targeted on the gay and lesbian network LOGO. Miller is big on letting its great taste speak for itself, as seen with its No. 1 product Great taste-less filling ads, and has been successful. Miller with Food: Taste for yourself summer campaign was used and was instrumental in increasing sales. Product strategies: As a company, you want to be seen as one of the top in your industry. Miller guarantees this by strategically placing Genuine Draft Light next to the number one competitive low-calorie brand. The confidence of the taste and quality of its products are so high that it implements the technique of sampling to capture new beer drinkers and convert them into loyal consumers. Another technique used for their products is space management which achieves more cooler and shelf space through long-neck N-Rs in 6-pack baskets and loose case, 6 and 12 pack cans, and 6-pack N-Rs represents the package mix consumers demand. The selling of recyclable plastic bottles which made Miller the first making it the first brewer to offer widespread distribution in plastic in the United States. The plastic bottles allow for a more transportable product that remains cold for the same length as aluminum. The only downside may come from recycling officials that argue that the brown plastic bottles do not recycle well with regular soda and water bottles and the cost for accommodation of these brown bottles would be unfeasible. Pricing strategies: To further place emphasis on the higher quality of products, it does not discount its products. It believes in a motto of No Compromise, to get a superior product you must be prepared to pay for it. Most of its pricing strategies are given towards the advertising efforts. Last year alone it spent 40. 1 million on Hispanic-targeted print and television advertising, more than any other advertiser in the alcoholic-beverage category. Promotion strategies: Promotion of Miller products is heavily dependent upon the ever-growing population. SAB Miller signed a 100 million deal with Univision Communications, the largest Spanish language broadcaster in the U. S. It includes sponsorship of programs, product placement and commercial time on Univisions radio, cable and broadcast networking properties. Miller realizes that all marketing efforts can be targeted at the older segment so it looks to work with major record labels and will sponsor preview parties for new album releases for popular artists. Comical commercial advertisements for Miller Lights (Good Call) also attract the younger market. Promotion also comes from its virtual online game Miller beer runner. The introduction of the Miller game came within days of Anheuser-Busch, the colossal corporation who brought the famous slogan king of all beers to Budweiser and its Bud family, pulling their funding for a game called Bud pong. After discovering that many people, especially young adults, were using beer during the game instead of water, as directions specified, they axed the marketing ads and funding for the game. (FordhamObserver) In no way is the company promoting under-age drinking/misconduct and stands by its slogan Live Responsibly to promote drinking in moderation. Molson Coors Brewing Company. Demographic: Coors Brewing company has 40 different brands which appeal to consumers all over the world, specifically in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Brazil. In the U. S Coors light is its number one brand which is targeted more towards the young adult drinkers. Molson Dry is a substitute for Coors light in Quebec, the company is spending more money in advertising this product in order to make it as appealing as Coors Light is in United States. In the United Kingdom lager holds most of the market share with beer brands such as Carlin and the introduction of the new Coors fine lite beer. As most beer companies recognize the potential in the Hispanic community, Coors thrives to gain market share within the community by offering donations and scholarships to the Hispanic Association of Colleges and University. Molson Coors objective is to get the Hispanic Community to adopt the brand, not just try it. Geographic: On February 9th, 2005 Coors joined forces with Canadas leading brewery Molson making them the 5th largest brewery by volume. This merge has presence in seven of the top either beer markets which include U. S, U. K, China, Mexico, Russia, Brazil, and Japan. Molson Coors holds 18. 5% market share in the United States and 21% market share in the United Kingdom. Currently its continuing to grow Coors light in China and other Asian markets. Psychographic: Molson Coors is always looking for new ways to attract consumers, and one of the most efficient markets is to attract people who watch their carbohydrates. In the U. S and other markets Molson Coors has No. 2 low carb beer to attract these consumers. As the craze for lite beer and low-carb beer increases, Molson Coors will keep bringing out new products for their consumers. Molson Coors also targets consumer through activities such as sports. In the U. S Coors light has the biggest sponsorship with NFL in order to promote their product. Also in the U. K whenever a consumer thinks about soccer they associate it with Carling, United Kingdoms No. 1 lager. Behavioral: In order to make consumers familiar with their products, Molson Coors targets them through their everyday habits for example Coors light portrays the image to young adults that drinking Coors light is cool and socially acceptable. Because of this Coors light has a dominant market share amongst college students rather than Miller and Budweiser. In order to gain customer brand loyalty from most consumers Coors light always promotes or sponsors programs which are liked by consumers with different taste. Place (Distribution) Strategy: Molson Coors is always looking for new ways to communicate with its distribution channel. Recently in an attempt to increase sales Molson Coors has added more staff and applied more resources across the three largest channels Grocery Stores, Liquor Stores, and Convenience stores. Molson Coors also created a channel marketing team to develop customized promotions aimed at addressing each customers unique needs. Product Strategy: Molson Coors strategy as a whole is to provide high quality products using high-quality ingredients. In order to compete in the market a company has to always keep coming out with new products to evolve with the taste of the consumer. Molson Coors not only does that but also promises its consumers that the product is kept cold from packaging to delivery to retail. In the U. K the company introduced two new products called the Kasteel Cru, which is a fine imported lager brewed in Alsace France and C2 which is Carlings new 2 percent alcohol by volume lager. In the U. S Molson Coors introduced its new low-carb beer called Aspen Edge and to make Coors light more attractive now consumers can buy it in new 8 oz cans. Pricing Strategy: Molson Coors is trying to cut cost and provide more value to its share holders by planning on cutting down the advertising budget. Last year alone Molson Coors spend 300 million dollars on advertising. Another method which Molson Coors used to cut costs is by reducing the number of suppliers, and building more strategic value added relationship with their vendor-partners. Promotion Strategy: In order for a company to come out on top it has to attract its consumers through promotions and discounts. Molson Coors promotes its products by being involved in many charities as well as Non-Profitable programs such as the Deaf Awareness program, Alcohol program and policies such as 21 means 21. In Canada the company was involved in promoting an event called the Coors Light Trauma Tour which included music and action sports. In Puerto Rico the company is trying promote its product by being more involved in community programs. Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer Demographic: Pabst is one of the very few brewing companies that does not own a brewery. Instead it negotiates deals with other breweries such as Miller to brew its products while maintaining ownership and marketing rights of its brands. Pabst has a 3. 6% of the market share. Pabst Blue Ribbon is mostly popular amongst urban hipsters and this brand is being adopted by older generation X, and younger generation Y in Portland. In the U. S Pabst is starting to become more popular amongst professional and semi-professional snowboarders. Pabst is also being used by people who do gallery shows in order to portray and image that its time to get back to the basics. Overall Pabst uses a strategy which doesnt involve cash but it involves customer use of the product. Geographic: Pabst has about 3. 6% market share in the U. S and about 2. 5% market share in Portland. Amongst many brands Pabst Rainier beer is more successful in the northwest. Overall in the Unites States Pabst grew 25% more in 20 different states. Psychographic: Pabst which has history associated with its name is beer for older people. The beer is acquired more with taste and consumers who use to drink Pabst in the old days have started to drink it again making them bran-loyal. Behavioral: Pabst is also considered a blue-collared beer and is targeted towards blue-collared workers. Since Pabst is the oldest brand there is customer loyalty from the older baby boomers that drank it. Place (Distribution) Strategy: Now that Pabst is trying to increase its sales in the United States as well other countries it has created highly customized retailer specific programs. Pabst Blue Ribbon has also convinced a lot of important chain grocery stores to carry their product.. Product Strategy: Pabst lets its customer decide how they want their beer served. They havent done a package redesign in the last 10 years. The only change they have made in their product strategy is that they serve Pabst in bottles now. Pricing Strategy: Pabst was always known as the low cost beer. They keep their prices low by not spending money on advertisement; instead they let word of mouth do the job. Promotion Strategy: Pabst does very little promotions in order to cut cost and save money. Among the few promotions which they do have, they offer cash payments to rowdy bike messengers to drink their beer. Pabst is also trying to come out with new promotions in Portland because they see a substantial growth market there. Another way Pabst promotes is by giving away their beer free to those who use it as a advertising for their own retail shops. 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